Publications

Listed by date


  • Henehan, Michael J., and Witts, James (2023) Continental flood basalts do not drive later Phanerozoic extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(21) e2303700120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2303700120 [Link to article at publisher (open access)]
  • Nambiar, Romi, Hauzer, Hagar, Gray, William R., Henehan, Michael J., Cotton, Laura, Erez, Jonathan, Rosenthal, Yair, Renema, Willem, Müller, Wolfgang and Evans, David (2023) Controls on potassium incorporation in foraminifera and other marine calcifying organisms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 351, 125-138. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.04.020 [Link to article at publisher]
  • Gray, William R., Evans, David, Henehan, Michael J., Weldeab, Syee, Lea, David W., Müller, Wolfgang and Rosenthal, Yair (2023) Sodium incorporation in foraminiferal calcite: An evaluation of the Na/Ca salinity proxy and evidence for multiple Na-bearing phases. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 348, 152-164. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.03.011 [Link to article at publisher]
  • Jones, Heather L., Westerhold, Thomas, Birch, Heather, Hull, Pincelli M., Negra, Hédi, Röhl, Ursula, Sepúlveda, Julio, Vellekoop, Johan, Whiteside, Jessica H., Alegret, Laia, Henehan, Michael J., Robinson, Libby, Van Dijk, Joep and Bralower, Timothy (2023) Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary at the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) in El Kef, Tunisia: New insights from the El Kef Coring Project Geological Society of America Bulletin in press. doi:10.1130/B36487.1 [Link to article at publisher]
  • Judd, Emily J., Tierney, Jessica E., Huber, Brian T., Wing, Scott L., Lunt, Daniel J., Ford, Heather L., Inglis, Gordon N., McClymont, Erin L., O’Brien, Charlotte L., Rattanasriampaipong, Ronnakrit, Si, Weimin, Staitis, Matthew L., Thirumalai, Kaustubh, Anagnostou, Eleni, Cramwinckel, Margot J., Dawson, Robin R., Evans, David, Gray, William R., Grossman, Ethan L., Henehan, Michael J., Hupp, Brittany N., MacLeod, Kenneth G., O’Connor, Lauren K., Sánchez Montes, Maria Luisa, Song, Haijun & Ge, Yi (2022) The PhanSST global database of Phanerozoic sea surface temperature proxy data. Nature Scientific Data 9, 753. doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01826-0 [Link to article at publisher (open access)] [Link to data archive]
  • Cai, Di, Henehan, Michael J., Uhlig, David, von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm (2022) Mg isotope composition of runoff is buffered by the regolith exchangeable pool. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 321, 99-114. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2022.01.011 [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] [Link to data publication]
  • Chapela Lara, María, Buss, Heather L., Henehan, Michael J., Schüssler, Jan A., McDowell, William H. (2022) Secondary minerals drive extreme lithium isotope fractionation during tropical weathering. JGR: Earth Surface 127(2), e2021JF006366. doi:10.1029/2021JF006366 [Link to article at publisher (open access)]
  • Henehan, Michael J., Klein Gebbinck, Christa D., Wyman, Jillian V. B., Hain, Mathis P., Rae, James W. B., Hönisch, Bärbel, Foster, Gavin L. and Kim, Sang-Tae (2022) No ion is an island: Multiple ions influence boron incorporation into CaCO3. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 318, 510-530. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.12.011 [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] [Link to Supplement] [Gif-tastic]
  • Golla, Jon K., Küßner, Marie L., Henehan, Michael J., Bouchez, Julien, Rempe, Daniella M. and Druhan, Jennifer L. (2021) The evolution of lithium isotope signatures in fluids draining actively weathering hillslopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 567, 116988. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116988 [Link to article at publisher]
  • Zhang, Xu Y., Saldi, Giuseppe D., Schott, Jacques, Bouchez, Julien, Küßner, Marie, Montouillout, Valérie, Henehan, Michael J. and Gaillardet, Jérôme (2021) Experimental constraints on Li isotope fractionation during the interaction between kaolinite and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 292, 333-347. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.09.029 [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf]
  • Stewart, Joseph A., Christopher, Steven J., Kucklick, John R., Bordier, Louise, Chalk, Thomas B., Dapoigny, Arnaud, Douville, Eric, Foster, Gavin L., Gray, William R., Greenop, Rosanna, Gutjahr, Marcus, Hemsing, Freya, Henehan, Michael J., Holdship, Philip, Hsieh, Yu-Te, Kolevica, Ana, Lin, Yen-Po, Mawbey, Elaine M., Rae, James W. B., Robinson, Laura F., Shuttleworth, Rachael, You, Chen-Feng, Zhang, Shuang, and Day, Russell D. (2021) NIST RM 8301 Boron Isotopes in Marine Carbonate (Simulated Coral and Foraminifera Solutions): Inter‐laboratory δ11B and Trace Element Ratio Value Assignment Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 45(1), 77-96. doi:10.1111/ggr.12363 [Link to article at publisher (Open Access)]
  • Barnet, James S.K., Harper, Dustin T., LeVay, Leah J., Edgar, Kirsty M., Henehan, Michael J., Babila, Tali L., Ullmann, Clemens V., Leng, Melanie J., Kroon, Dick, Zachos, James C. and Littler, Kate (2020) Coupled evolution of temperature and carbonate chemistry during the Paleocene–Eocene; new trace element records from the low latitude Indian Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 545, 116414. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116414 [Link to article at publisher (Open Access)] [Link to dataset on Pangaea]
  • Henehan, Michael J. , Edgar, Kirsty M., Foster, Gavin L., Penman, Donald E., Hull, Pincelli M., Greenop, Rosanna, Anagnostou, Eleni, and Pearson, Paul N. (2020) Revisiting the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum ‘Carbon Cycle Conundrum’ with new estimates of atmospheric pCO2 from boron isotopes. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 35, e2019PA003713. doi:10.1029/2019PA003713 [Link to article at publisher (Open Access)] [Link to dataset on Pangaea]
  • Hull, Pincelli M., Bornemann, André, Penman, Donald E., Henehan, Michael J., and 33 others (2020) On Impact and Volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. Science 367(6475), 266-272. doi:10.1126/science.aay5055 [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf]
  • Henehan, Michael J. Ridgwell, Andy, Thomas, Ellen, Zhang, Shuang, Alegret, Laia, Schmidt, Daniela N., Rae, James W. B., Witts, James D., Landman, Neil H., Greene, Sarah E., Huber, Brian T., Super, James R., Planavsky, Noah J. and Hull, Pincelli M. (2019) Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(45), 22500-22504. doi:10.1073/pnas.1905989116 [Link to article at publisher (open access)] [Direct Link to Supplement (it's a biggie!)]
  • Tatzel, Michael, Vogl, Jöchen, Rosner, Martin, Henehan, Michael J. and Tütken, Thomas (2019) Triple isotope fractionation exponents of elements measured by MC-ICP-MS - an example of Mg Analytical Chemistry 91(22), 14314-14322. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02699. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf]
  • Hsiang, Allison, Brombacher, Anieke, Costa Rillo, Marina, Mleneck-Vautravers, Maryline J., Conn, Stephen, Lordsmith, Sian, Jentzen, Sian, Henehan, Michael J., Metcalfe, Brett, Fenton, Isabel, Wade, Bridget S., Fox, Lyndsey, Meilland, Julie, Davis, Catherine V., Baranowski, Ulrike, Groenveld, Jeroen, Edgar, Kirsty M., Movellan, Aurore, Aze, Tracey, Dowsett, Harry J., Miller, C. Giles, Rios, Nelson and Hull, Pincelli M. (2019) Endless Forams: >34,000 modern planktonic foraminiferal images for taxonomic training and automated species recognition using convolutional neural networks. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 34, 1157-1177. doi:10.1029/2019PA003612. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf]
  • Greenop, Rosanna, Sosdian, Sindia M., Henehan, Michael J., Wilson, Paul A., Lear, Caroline H. and Foster Gavin L. (2019) Orbital forcing, ice‐volume and CO2 across the Oligocene‐Miocene Transition. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 34(3), 316-328. doi:10.1029/2018PA003420. [Link to article at publisher (open access)]
  • Burke, Janet E., Renema, Willem, Henehan, Michael J., Elder, Leanne E., Davis, Catherine V., Maas, Amy E., Foster, Gavin L., Schiebel, Ralf and Hull, Pincelli M. (2018) Factors influencing test porosity in planktonic foraminifera. Biogeosciences, 15 (21), 6607-6619. doi:10.5194/bg-15-6607-2018 [Link to article at publisher (open access)]
  • Evans, David, Badger, Marcus P. S., Foster, Gavin L., Henehan, Michael J., Lear, Caroline H. and Zachos, James C. (2018) No substantial long-term bias in the Cenozoic benthic foraminifera oxygen-isotope record. Nature Communications 9, 2875. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05303-4. [Link to article at publisher (open access)] Citing articles
  • Henehan, Michael J., Evans, David, Shankle, Madison, Burke, Janet, Foster, Gavin L., Durrant, Joseph, Anagnostou, Eleni, Chalk, Thomas B., Stewart, Joseph A., Alt, Claudia H. S. and Hull, Pincelli M. (2017) Size-dependent response of foraminiferal calcification to seawater carbonate chemistry. Biogeosciences 14(13), 3287-3308. doi:10.5194/bg-14-3287-2017. [Link to article at publisher (open access)] Citing articles
  • Zhang, Shuang, Henehan, Michael J., Hull, Pincelli M., Reid, R. Pamela, Hardisty, Dalton S., Hood, Ashleigh v.S., and Planavsky, Noah J. (2017) Investigating controls on boron isotope ratios in shallow marine carbonates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 485, 380-393. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.059. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles
  • Wang, Xiangli, Planavsky, Noah J., Hull, Pincelli M., Tripati, Aradhna, Zou, Huijuan, Elder, Leanne and Henehan, Michael J. (2017) Chromium isotopic composition of core-top planktonic foraminifera. Geobiology, 15(1), 51-64. doi:10.1111/gbi.12198. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles
  • Henehan, Michael J., Foster, Gavin L., Bostock, Helen C., Greenop, Rosanna, Marshall, Brittney J., and Wilson, Paul A. (2016) A new boron isotope-pH calibration for Orbulina universa, with implications for understanding and accounting for ‘vital effects’. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 454, 282-292. [Link to article at publisher (open access)]
    Citing articles
  • Henehan, Michael J., Hull, Pincelli M., Penman, Donald E., Rae, James W. B. Rae and Schmidt, Daniela N. (2016) Biogeochemical significance of pelagic ecosystem function: an end-Cretaceous case study. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371: 20150510. [Link to article at publisher (open access)] [Link to pdf] [Link to Supp. Material] [Link to Supp. Tables] Citing articles
  • Evans, David B. J., Wade, Bridget S., Henehan, Michael J., Erez, Jonathan, and Müller, Wolfgang (2016) Revisiting carbonate chemistry controls on planktic foraminifera Mg / Ca: implications for sea surface temperature and hydrology shifts over the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum and Eocene–Oligocene Transition. Climate of the Past 12, 819-835. [Link to article at publisher (open access)]Citing articles
  • Marshall, Brittney J., Thunell, Robert C., Spero, Howard J., Henehan, Michael J., Lorenzoni, Laura and Astor, Yrene (2015) Morphometric and stable isotopic differentiation of Orbulina universa morphotypes from the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. Marine Micropaleontology 120, 46-64. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf]
  • Henehan, Michael J., Foster, Gavin L., Rae, James W.B., Prentice, Katherine C., Erez, Jonathan, Bostock, Helen C., Marshall, Brittney J., and Wilson, Paul A. (2015) Evaluating the utility of B/Ca ratios in planktic foraminifera as a proxy for the carbonate system: A case study of Globigerinoides ruber. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 16(4), 1052-1069. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles
  • Martínez-Botí, Miguel-Angel, Marino, Gianluca, Foster, Gavin L., Ziveri, Patrizia, Henehan, Michael J., Rae, James W. B., Mortyn, P. Graham, and Vance, Derek (2015) Boron isotope evidence for oceanic carbon dioxide leakage during the last deglaciation. Nature 518, 219-222. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles
  • Henehan, Michael J., Rae, James W.B., Foster, Gavin L., Erez, Jonathan, Prentice, Katherine C., Kucera, Michal, Bostock, Helen C., Martínez-Botí, Miguel A., Milton, J. Andy, Wilson, Paul A., Marshall, Brittney J. and Elliott, Tim (2013) Calibration of the boron isotope proxy in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber for use in palaeo-CO2 reconstruction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 364, 111-122. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles
  • Marshall, Brittney J., Thunell, Robert C., Henehan, Michael J., Astor, Yrene and Wejnert, Katherine E. (2013) Planktonic foraminiferal area density as a proxy for carbonate ion concentration: A calibration study using the Cariaco Basin Ocean Time Series. Paleoceanography 28(2), 363-376. [Link to article at publisher] [Link to pdf] Citing articles

    • Other non-peer-reviewed publications
  • Raitzsch, Markus, Hain, M. P., Henehan, M. J. & Gattuso, J.-P. (2021) seacarbx - seacarb extension for deep-time carbonate system calculations (R package). doi:10.5281/zenodo.4432170.
  • Henehan, M. J. & Jurikova, H. (2019) Boron in CaCO3 as a record of past seawater carbonate chemistry. PAGES Magazine, 27(2), 58-59. doi:10.22498/pages.27.2.58.

    • Selected publications in Review/Preparation

    Cai, Di, Henehan, Michael J., Uhlig, David and von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm (in revision, GCA) Mg isotopic composition of runoff is buffered by the regolith exchangeable pool.

    Chapela Lara, María, Buss, Heather L., Henehan, Michael J., Schuessler, Jan and McDowell, William H. (in revision, JGR Earth Surface) Secondary minerals drive extreme lithium isotope fractionation during tropical weathering.

    Gray, William R., Evans, David, Henehan, Michael J., Weldeab, Syee, Lea, David W., Webb, Paul, Müller, Wolfgang, and Rosenthal, Yair (in revision, GCA) Sodium incorporation in foraminiferal calcite: Evidence for multiple chemical phases.


    Conference Abstracts

    Henehan, M. J., Kalderon-Asael, B., Barnet, J., Witts, J., Rae, J., Planavsky, N., Hull, P. and von Blanckenburg, F. 2021. Interrogating the Cretaceous-Palaeogene Li isotope crash with new records offoraminiferal δ7Li. Goldschmidt, Abstract #7845.

    Gerrits, R., Henehan, M. J., Feldmann, I., Radnik, J., Agudo Jácome, L., Lisec, J., Schott, J., Schumacher, J., Gorbushina, A. and von Blanckenburg, F., 2021. The effect offungal iron uptake on olivine weathering studied by genetic approaches in the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. Goldschmidt, Abstract #7124.

    Nambiar, R., Hauzer, H., Erez, J., Kniest, J., Raddatz, J., Renema, W., Gray, W., Henehan, M. J., Cotton, L., Müller, W. and Evans, D. 2021. Evaluating the utility of K/Ca in marine carbonates as a recorder of seawater chemistry. Goldschmidt, Abstract #6884.

    van Dijk, J., Sepúlveda, J., Alegret, L., Birch, H., Bralower, T., Jones, H., Henehan, M. J., and 9 others 2021. The recovery of the biological pump across the K/Pg boundary in the GSSP of El Kef, Tunisia. Goldschmidt, Abstract #6378, & vEGU, Abstract #EGU21-8200.

    Henehan, M. J., Klein Gebbinck, C., Wymans, J., Hain, M., Rae, J., Hönisch, B., Foster, G. L. and Kim, S. 2021. No ion is an island: Multiple ions influence boron incorporation into CaCO3. vEGU, Abstract #EGU21-10652.

    Henehan, M. J., Evans, D., Müller, W., and Hull, P. M. (2020) Latest Cretaceous foraminiferal ecology and palaeoceanographic inferences from chamber-specific LA-ICPMS analysis. EGU General Assembly, Abstract #19424.

    Jurikova, H., Neugebauer, I., Plessen, B., Henehan, M. J., Tjallingii, R., Schwab, M. J., Brauer, A., and Blanchet, C. (2020) Boron isotope systematics of lacustrine carbonates: a new approach for tracing the palaeo-hydroclimatic evolution of the Dead Sea. EGU General Assembly, Abstract #16623.

    Jones, H. L., Whiteside, J., Röhl, U., Westerhold, T., Hull, P. M., Birch, H., Robinson, L., Alegret, L., Henehan, M. J., and 7 others. (2020) The role of the marine biological pump in driving ecosystem recovery following the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event. GSA Connects Online, doi:10.1130/abs/2020AM-358244.

    Henehan, M. J., Barnet J., Planavsky N. J., Littler K., Hain M., Thomas E., Özen V., von Blanckenburg F. & Hull P. M. (2019) Interrogating the Paleocene Palaeoclimate Paradox. Goldschmidt, Barcelona (poster).

    Chapela Lara, M., Buss, H. L., Schuessler, J. A., and Henehan, M. J.. (2019) Extreme Li Isotope Fractionation during Tropical Weathering: The Multiple Roles of Secondary Minerals. Goldschmidt, Barcelona (poster).

    Chapela Lara, Maria, Schüßler, Jan A., Buss, Heather L., Henehan, Michael J., and McDowell, W. H. (2018) Extreme Li and Mg Isotope Fractionation During Tropical Weathering: From Dust to Minerals (and Everything in Between). AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco (talk).

    Jones, Heather L., Bralower, Timothy J., Röhl, Ursula, Westerhold, Thomas, Sepulveda, Julio, Whiteside, Jessica H., Alegret, Laia, Negra, Hedi, Vellekoop, Johan, Henehan, Michael J., and Hull, Pincelli M. (2018) The significance of calcareous nannoplankton "boom-bust" successions following the K-Pg mass extinction event: new insights from El Kef, Tunisia. GSA Annual Meeting, Indianapolis (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Ridgwell, Andy, Thomas, Ellen, Zhang, Shuang, Planavsky, Noah J., Alegret, Laia, Schmidt, Daniela N., Rae, James W. B., Foster, Gavin L., Huber, Brian T. and Hull, Pincelli M. (2016) How strange was the Strangelove Ocean? AGU Fall Meeting, 2016 (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Hull, Pincelli M., Planavsky, Noah J., and Zhang, Shuang. (2016) How strange was the Strangelove Ocean? ICP, Ütrecht (poster).

    Henehan, Michael J., Hull, Pincelli M., Planavsky, Noah J., and Zhang, Shuang. (2016) Just how strange was the Strangelove Ocean? Northeast Geobiology Symposium, Harvard (poster).

    Henehan, Michael J., Hull, P. M., Planavsky, N. J., Thomas, E., and Özen, V (2015) Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The History of Palaeocene Ocean pH. Goldschmidt, Prague (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Klein-Gebbinck, C., Foster, G. L., Clymans, J., and Kim, S.-T. (2015) Spreading the good news: corroborating the inorganic basis of the boron isotope-pH proxy. Boron Geochemistry Meeting, Goldschmidt, Prague (talk).

    Pearce, C., Foster, G. L., Sexton, P., Henehan, Michael J., Edgar, K. M. and Parkinson, I. (2015) Srching for Silicate Weathering Feedback in the Geological Record. Goldschmidt, Prague (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Hull, P. M., and Mikenas, Megan (2015) How resilient is the Cretan Ocean state? A K-Pg boundary perspective. Northeastern Geobiology Symposium, Princeton (poster).

    Henehan, Michael J., Hull, P. M., Planavsky, N. J., Huber, B. and Thomas, E. (2014) Investigating Carbonate System Perturbations across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene Transition using Boron Isotopes in Planktonic Foraminifera. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Abstract PP51B-1122 (poster, session convenor).

    Henehan, Michael J., Klein-Gebbinck, C., Foster, G. L., Clymans, J., and Kim, S.-T. (2015) Spreading the good news: corroborating the inorganic basis of the boron isotope-pH proxy. Boron Geochemistry Meeting, Goldschmidt, Prague (talk).

    Mikenas, M., Hull, P. M., and Henehan, Michael J. (2014) Morphological Analysis of Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary Foraminiferal Taxa. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Abstract PP51B-1131 (poster).

    Henehan, Michael J., Edgar, K. M., Foster, G. L., and Hull, P. M. (2014) Using boron isotopes to characterise past carbon cycle perturbations: the case of the MECO. Climatic and Biotic Events of the Palaeogene, Pesarra (talk).

    Klein-Gebbinck, C., Kim, S-T. Henehan, Michael J., and Foster, G. L. (2013) Investigation of boron, carbon and oxygen stable isotope systematics in the aragonite-CO2-H2O system. Goldschmidt, Florence (talk).

    Martínez-Botí, M. A., Marino, G., Foster, G. L., Ziveri, P., Henehan, Michael J., Mortyn, P. G., Vance, D. (2013) Surface ocean δ11B-pH reconstructions and insights into the ocean-atmosphere carbon exchange during the last deglaciation. Goldschmidt, Florence (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Foster, G. L., Erez, J., Bostock, H. C., Rae, J. W., Kucera, M., Martínez-Botí, M. A., Prentice, K. C., Marshall, B. J., Wilson, P. A., Elliott, T. R. (2012) Symbiont-host relationships in foraminifera and their importance for palaeo-CO2 reconstruction: Insights from boron isotopes. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Abstract B14B–05 (talk).

    Marshall, B. J., Thunell, R., Henehan, Michael J., McConnell, M. C., Astor, Y. (2012) Planktonic foraminiferal shell weight and boron isotopic composition as proxies for carbonate system parameters: Insight from sediment trap studies in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Abstract OS53C-1983 (poster).

    Henehan, Michael J., Foster, G. L., Rae, J. W. B., Ries, J., Erez, J., Bostock, H. C., Kucera, M., Castillo, K. D., Martínez-Botí, M. A. (2012) Insights on biomineralisation and the nature of ‘vital effects’ using Boron isotopes. Goldschmidt, Montreal (talk).

    Henehan, Michael J., Foster, G. L., Rae, J. W. B., Erez, J., Wilson, P. A. and Kucera, M. (2011) Calibrating the Boron Isotope pH-Proxy in Globigerinoides ruber by MC-ICPMS. Goldschmidt, Prague (talk).


    PhD thesis

    You can download my PhD thesis, warts and all, from here.

    Design adapted from Iridium from TEMPLATED Image from Tom Murphy VII